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"This universe, which is the same for all, has not been made by any god or man, but it always has been, is, and will be an ever-living fire, kindling itself by regular measures and going out by regular measures." [1] Why a Philosophy? Philosophy is abstract thought, the drawing out of general laws based on observations that can be used to explain particular phenomena and predict future events. From earliest times humans have sought to explain the world around them, to make sense of the overwhelming and seemingly arbitrary power of nature. From observations they would have drawn conclusions, although of necessity primitive, of what powered the natural events that governed their lives.  With the rise of higher stages of human civilisations for the leading thinkers of the day, "Curiosity demands that we ask questions, that we try to put things together and try to understand this multitude of aspects as perhaps resulting from the action of a relatively small number of elem...

Capitalist crisis and the class struggle In Capital Volume Three, chapter thirteen, Karl Marx distilled the essence of a commodity to its fundamental components. He found that a commodity was made up of three parts; Capital (c). This includes everything used in the means of production, plant, machinery, raw materials, intellectual property. Everything a worker requires to produce a product. Wages (v). This is to pay for the ability to work but not work put in as we’ll see. Surplus Value (s). This is the profit or value obtained from utilising labour power (v) to work the means of production (c). From this we can see that Commodity = c+v+s. There are two formulae we can draw on to show the rate of exploitation of labour and also the rate of profit. Rate of Surplus Value (s/v) = % | Rate of Profit (s/c+v) = % This was one of the elements that Marx would draw together to expose the laws that underpin modern capitalism and makes it unique as an economic system. Zentralbiblio...